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The Earl of Tyrone is a title created three times in the Peerage of Ireland. It was first created as part of the Tudor attempt to establish a uniform social structure in Ireland by converting the Gaelic kings and chiefs into hereditary nobles of the Kingdom of Ireland. Under brehon law, clans were effectively independent, and chose their chiefs from the members of a bloodline – normally, but not always, a close relative of the previous chief; the clan as a whole generally had a voice in the chief's decisions. Also, acknowledged sons of a clan member were members of the bloodline, even when not begotten in lawful marriage. The holder of a title, on the other hand, was subject to the Crown, but held his lands by hereditary right, which the Crown would help to enforce; the rest of the clan were usually now his tenants. Illegitimate sons had no right of succession under the new system unless expressly granted. The title in the Peerage of Ireland was created again in 1673 for Richard Power, 6th Baron Power, the Anglo-Norman peer and Restoration politician, along with a large grant of land in County Waterford, at the other end of Ireland. He was also given the subordinate title of Viscount Decies; both titles became extinct upon the death of his younger son, the third earl, in 1704; he left an only daughter, Lady Katherine Power, but both titles descended by patent to male heirs only. It was created a final time in 1746 for Marcus Beresford, 1st Viscount Tyrone, son-in-law of the last Power earl. His son was created Marquess of Waterford in 1789, and the title has since been a subsidiary title of the Waterford title.〔Complete Peerage, Vol. XII, Part II, "Tyrone".〕 ==Earls of Tyrone, first Creation (1542)== The king or chief of the O'Neills of Tyrone, Conn Bacach O'Neill, went to Greenwich and submitted to Henry VIII of England and of Ireland in 1542; he renounced his chieftainship, the style of "The O'Neill" and his independence. In exchange, he was created Earl of Tyrone, which was by the charter to descend to his illegitimate son Matthew or Ferdoragh O'Neill, who was also created Baron of Dungannon, which was always to be held by the heir to the Earldom; this was a substantive title, which gave Ferdoragh a seat in the Irish House of Lords, not a courtesy title. This adaptive process, known as "surrender and regrant", was taken up by other Irish clan chiefs. This passed over Conn's legitimate sons; the eldest, Shane O'Neill, was only about twelve at the time. When he grew up, Shane (who is remembered as ''an Diomais'', "the Proud") claimed to be The O'Neill (in Irish: Uí Neíll), and there was civil strife among the Cenell Eoghain; Shane was victorious, Ferdoragh was killed, Conn was driven out of Tyrone, and died in the Irish Pale, the area of Ireland directly governed by the English. In English law, Ferdoragh's eldest son, Brien O'Neill, then succeeded to the Earldom; in practice he continued to be called Lord Dungannon. Queen Elizabeth I, newly come to the throne, proposed to recognize Shane as Earl, since he actually ruled Tyrone and was the eldest legitimate son; but the negotiations collapsed.〔Christopher Maginn, ‘(O'Neill, Shane (c.1530–1567) )’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 , accessed 25 April 2011; her deputy, Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex did not trust Shane, who, in turn, did not want the English deciding the quarrels between him and his subordinate chiefs.〕 Brien was killed in 1562, while still young and unmarried, by his cousin Turlough O'Neill, the tanist of his uncle Shane (and a grandson of the brother of Conn Bacagh, the first Earl). Shane died in 1568, whereupon the English generally supported Brien's younger brother Hugh O'Neill against Turlough, who, as effective leader of the clan, was perceived to be the greater threat to English control of Ireland. In 1585, Hugh was recognized as Earl of Tyrone; in 1593, Turlough surrendered to him the position of "The O'Neill". Hugh O'Neill's career as unquestioned leader of the O'Neills became a series of quarrels with the English government: like many great feudal lords, he rebelled in the Nine Years' War, was proclaimed a traitor, and ultimately submitted to the Crown at the Treaty of Mellifont in 1603. Despite the Anglo-Spanish peace treaty of 1604, in 1607 O'Neill, his brother-in-law the Earl of Tyrconnell, and several of their followers fled to Europe, expecting the Spanish to invade Ireland with an army. He was attainted the year after this Flight of the Earls, and the attainder was confirmed by the Parliament of Ireland in 1614; at which point the Earldom became forfeit under the common law. Notwithstanding this attaintment, Earl Hugh, followed by his sons, continued to claim to be Earl of Tyrone, until the last legitimate son died unmarried, some time between 1641 and 1660. (It is not entirely clear which of his sons were legitimate: he was married four times, not always legally divorced, and it is not clear who were the parents of Conn O'Neill, chief of the O'Neills around 1650.) At this point the Irish title became extinct, as well as forfeit, but the descendants of Earl Hugh's illegitimate brothers acted as The O'Neill, and called themselves Earl of Tyrone by Spanish grant, for the rest of the century. :''Heirs who did not live to succeed are indented. *Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone〔Encyclopædia Britannica, Conn Bacach O'Neill, King and Earl of Tyrone〕(–1559) * *Matthew O'Neill, 1st Baron Dungannon (–1550) *Brien O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, 2nd Baron Dungannon (c. 1540–1562) *Hugh O'Neill 3rd Baron Dungannon, 2nd or 3rd Earl of Tyrone.〔Destruction of the Peace, Micheline Kearney Walsh, R&S Printers, Monaghan, Ireland, 1986〕 (–1616) attainted 1608, attainder confirmed by Irish Parliament 1614. * *Hugh O'Neill, Baron Dungannon (c. 1586–1609) attainted 1608. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Earl of Tyrone」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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